Anaerobic Reactor
I. Overview
The anaerobic reactor is a highly efficient multi-stage internal circulation reactor, representing the third generation of anaerobic reactors (with UASB being the representative type of the second generation). Compared to second-generation anaerobic reactors, it features less land occupation, higher volumetric loading capacity, uniform water distribution, strong impact resistance, more stable performance, and simpler operation and management. When treating high-concentration organic wastewater with COD levels of 10,000–15,000 mg/L, the second-generation UASB reactor typically has a volumetric loading rate of 5–8 kg COD/m3·d, while the third-generation anaerobic reactor can achieve a volumetric loading rate of 10–18 kg COD/m3·d. Compared to second-generation anaerobic tanks, it offers the following advantages:
1. High Volumetric Loading Rate
Due to its powerful internal circulation, excellent mass transfer, and large biomass, the anaerobic reactor has a much higher volumetric loading rate than conventional UASB reactors—typically about three times higher. When treating high-concentration organic wastewater with COD levels of 10,000–15,000 mg/L, the volumetric loading rate can reach 10–18 kg COD/m3·d.
2. Saves Construction Costs and Land Area
The reactor has a volumetric loading rate about three times higher than conventional UASB reactors, and its footprint is only about 1/4 to 1/3 that of conventional UASB reactors, thereby reducing construction costs. The reactor is not only compact but also has a high height-to-diameter ratio, making it particularly space-efficient. It is highly suitable for new or expansion projects in factories and enterprises with limited land availability.
3. Strong Impact Load Resistance
The reactor achieves internal circulation, with a circulation volume up to 10–20 times the influent flow. Because the circulating water mixes thoroughly with the influent at the bottom of the reactor, the organic concentration at the bottom is reduced, enhancing the reactor's ability to withstand impact loads. Additionally, the high flow rate ensures even distribution of bottom sludge, facilitating full contact and reaction between organic matter in the wastewater and microorganisms, thereby improving treatment efficiency.
4. Stable Effluent Quality
The reactor operates essentially as two UASB or EGSB reactors in series. The lower section has a high organic loading rate, serving as a "coarse" treatment stage, while the upper section has a lower loading rate, acting as a "fine" treatment stage. This results in excellent and stable effluent quality.
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